Space Summary
The Twitter Space Vibe Check: Hyperlane Edition hosted by lifiprotocol. The Vibe Check: Hyperlane Edition space delved into the world of decentralized exchanges (DEXs), showcasing how one API seamlessly enables swaps and bridging across EVM and Solana networks. With partnerships with industry giants like Robinhood and MetaMask, the platform offers access to over 15 bridges and 30+ DEXs, emphasizing the importance of interoperability and user-centric solutions within the DeFi landscape. Through innovative infrastructure projects, Hyperlane Edition contributes to the growth of the blockchain ecosystem, highlighting the evolution of bridging technologies and the significance of strategic partnerships for project success.
For more spaces, visit the DEX page.
Questions
Q: What distinguishes Hyperlane Edition in terms of swaps and bridging services?
A: Hyperlane Edition offers a single API for seamless swaps and bridging between the EVM and Solana networks, simplifying user experiences.
Q: How many bridges and DEXs are accessible through Hyperlane Edition?
A: Users can access over 15 bridges and more than 30 decentralized exchanges (DEXs) on the platform.
Q: Which industry partners are integrated with Hyperlane Edition?
A: Notable partners include Robinhood, MetaMask, Phantom, and over 250 other partners, enriching the ecosystem.
Q: Why is interoperability crucial in blockchain and crypto projects?
A: Interoperability ensures seamless interaction between different networks and enhances user accessibility and convenience.
Q: What role do infrastructure projects play in the development of blockchain technologies?
A: Infrastructure projects like Hyperlane Edition provide essential frameworks for efficient and user-friendly blockchain operations.
Q: How does Hyperlane Edition contribute to the growth of DeFi?
A: By offering innovative solutions and a diverse trading ecosystem, Hyperlane Edition boosts the functionality and user experience within the DeFi sector.
Q: What insights were shared regarding bridging technologies in the space?
A: Experts discussed the evolution of bridging technologies and their impact on the broader crypto landscape, emphasizing their significance.
Q: In what ways do partnerships impact blockchain projects?
A: Partnerships with industry leaders like Robinhood and MetaMask expand the reach and capabilities of blockchain projects, enhancing their overall utility.
Q: How does Hyperlane Edition enhance accessibility for users?
A: The platform's integration of various DEXs and solvers provides users with a wide array of options, ensuring accessibility and choice.
Q: What benefits does Hyperlane Edition offer to the blockchain ecosystem?
A: Through its innovative solutions and emphasis on user experience, Hyperlane Edition contributes to the growth and development of the blockchain ecosystem.
Q: What makes Hyperlane Edition a preferred choice for users?
A: The platform's focus on seamless swaps, bridging technologies, and partnerships with major players like Robinhood and MetaMask make it a preferred option for users seeking convenience and functionality.
Highlights
Time: 00:12:45
Seamless Swaps & Bridging Technologies Exploring Hyperlane Edition's unique approach to seamless swaps and bridging services for EVM and Solana users.
Time: 00:26:18
Partner Ecosystem Expansion Insights on the extensive network of partners including Robinhood, MetaMask, Phantom, and over 250 collaborators.
Time: 00:35:59
Importance of Interoperability Discussions on the critical role of interoperability in blockchain projects for enhanced user experiences.
Time: 00:45:22
Innovative Infrastructure Projects Highlighting the impact of infrastructure projects like Hyperlane Edition on improving blockchain functionalities.
Time: 00:58:11
User-Centric DeFi Solutions Exploring how Hyperlane Edition contributes to user-centric solutions within the decentralized finance sector.
Time: 01:10:05
Bridging Technologies Evolution Insights into the evolution of bridging technologies and their significance in the crypto landscape.
Time: 01:25:34
Partnerships for Growth Discussions on the growth potential of blockchain projects through strategic partnerships with industry leaders.
Time: 01:35:20
Enhanced User Accessibility How Hyperlane Edition's integration of DEXs and solvers enhances accessibility and choice for users.
Time: 01:45:55
Contributions to Blockchain Ecosystem Examining how Hyperlane Edition's offerings contribute to the overall growth and development of the blockchain ecosystem.
Time: 01:55:42
Preferred User Experience Why Hyperlane Edition is a preferred choice for users seeking convenience and diverse functionality.
Key Takeaways
- Hyperlane Edition focuses on seamless swaps & bridging via one API across EVM and Solana networks.
- Access to over 15 bridges and 30+ DEXs offers a wide array of options for users.
- Partnerships with Robinhood, MetaMask, Phantom, and 250+ partners enhance the platform's reach and usability.
- The integration of various decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and solvers provides a diverse trading ecosystem.
- The space highlights the importance of interoperability and accessibility within the blockchain and crypto space.
- Innovative solutions like Hyperlane Edition are crucial for enhancing user experience and functionality in the decentralized finance (DeFi) sector.
- Discussion around different infrastructure projects and their impact on the overall user experience and convenience.
- Insights shared in the space shed light on the evolution of bridging technologies and their significance in the crypto landscape.
- Exploring how Vibe Check: Hyperlane Edition contributes to the growth and development of the blockchain ecosystem.
- Experts emphasize the role of partnerships in expanding the reach and capabilities of blockchain projects.
Behind the Mic
Initial Greetings and Weather Check
Hello? Yeah. Yeah, I can. How are you? Are you back home? Yeah, I made it. Thanks. How's the weather in Berlin? I heard it's pretty hot. Oh, yeah. So yesterday it was, like, super hot, but today we had a big thunderstorm. It's been raining here pretty heavily, so we have that in common.
Technical Check and Announcements
Can you send in the request? Yeah, I think I already did it, but let me check. Hello? Nam, can you check your mic? Hello? Test, test. It's breaking a little bit. I'm not sure if it's mine tonight or yours. It probably isn't mine. Let me double check. Actually, let me move downstairs real quick. I can hear you better now, if that helps. All right, maybe I'll stay upstairs then. Let me know once you're settled in. Matthew will do announcements on discord, and then we can get started. Yeah, I think. I think. I think I'm good here, but let me know if it can end up getting worse. Move downstairs. Okay, I can hear you now. So, all good. Cool.
Reconnecting After a Long Time
How have you been? It's been really long since we last had a chat. I think you guys are still called abacus. Bye. Yeah, no, it's been, man, I was just on an interview, and it's just kind of wild, like, how long it has really been since we started working on this. But no, it's been a. It's been a fun ride, for sure. How about you? All good. All good. I think, like, for the last three years, there's been so many changes, but then it's good to see that the people that were here two years ago, they're still here. You know, that's always a positive side.
Reflecting on Changes and Progress
Yes. Survived. Survived. Okay, so we can just get started. So, like, I scheduled this space just to, you know, check in with you guys because I see a lot of announcements, a lot of developments from Hyperlane, and you also recently announced the hyperlane foundation. And I, you know, just, like, wanted to get your thoughts on multiple things that are going on in this space. So maybe if you can just start with a quick intro about you and the project, that'd be good. Yeah. So my name is Nam. I'm one of the founders of Hibalane. We started, like you said, two and a half years ago to basically help build interoperability in our industry.
Focus on Permissionless Interoperability
And. Yeah, like, I think our focus has been basically, since the last two years, at least, on kind of what we call, like, the permissionless part of interoperability. A lot of that has been inspired by APC, but the idea is that, like, hey, two years ago, we started the inklings to see of, like, how much more block space will create it. And it was kind of, like, our opinion that, like, what was lacking for that kind of, like, feature to, you know, come to fruition is in our ability that, like, you didn't have to ask for to kind of get all of these chains connected. And so that's basically what we've been working on over the last two years.
Progress and Expectations in the Sector
You know, it's been. Definitely been a grind, but I'm kind of glad that a lot of the things that we saw that two years ago has kind of, like, you know, come true. And obviously, we're seeing now a lot of the kind of, like, benefits of having been early on that kind of trend. Awesome. So you kind of mentioned, like, how you guys are, you know, building permissionless tech. And I've seen you know, like, from. From the early days, you've given a lot of emphasis on this permissionless expansion, and it shows in, like, how you've designed the protocol. So maybe you can just give us a sense of, like, why is this feature so important to you guys?
Importance of Permissionless Access
Yeah, I mean, I think it's so important to us because we think. I was saying this last week on the other panel, but, you know, if I think about, like, the last, let's say, 1015 years of crypto. Right? Like, what made it, like, really amazing, like, what made it the industry that is today is that it was all as weirdos thinking, whoa, this is cool. We could do this. And we didn't have to ask Stripe. We didn't have to ask government agency for access to this kind of system.
The Importance of Permissionless Innovation
Anybody could do this. And to us, it just was always true that is what propels this industry forward. This is what allows this innovation to happen. And, like, having kind of permissioned. And obviously, we can talk a lot about what is actually permissioned, what is not permissioned, but, like, having permissioned systems as key infrastructure in that industry just felt, like, very, like, counterintuitive. And so that's why we have focused so much on kind of, like, look, if there is a team, like, just, you know, two guys somewhere india that want to just start, like, think, like, hey, this is a better way of creating a roll up, but we need to be connected to all these other big chains where the Kurdi is at. We don't want to have any team, including abacus works like, the core development company here that restarted. We didn't want that to be in the way of that kind of connectivity.
Building an Open Source Interoperability Framework
And so we focused a lot of our efforts on building what we call this open source interoperability framework to make that true, to basically give back the power of crypto back to the indie developers, so to speak. I think that perfectly makes sense. That's why all of us are in crypto in the first place. If you needed permissions, then we would all just be using bank accounts and then not be building in crypto. So I really like that about the. The whole project. And I think it's also like, just really beautiful how you guys have been building for permissionless from day one. But then with this whole modular expansion, how these two kind of narratives have come together and, you know, there's so much growth now for hyperlink.
Partnerships and Growth
I see that there have been so many partnerships, so many teams are building permissionlessly on top of you guys. So can you comment on that? Maybe, like, what has been. What has the growth been like over the last three months and what's the morale in the team? Yeah, I think, you know, growth has been great. We like, again, I think it's always so weird to be here now, right? Because obviously, like a year or two ago, that was a lot less clear. But yeah, I think the really cool thing, I think, reason why morale, I think is high is because whenever you work on an open source project, especially in the beginning, and I've worked on other open source projects before, I think whenever you get that kind of first pull request or that first issue where somebody was kind of asking a question about what you'd be doing, that's magic.
Community Engagement and Collaboration
And I think just seeing a lot more of that than I've ever seen before is just super motivating the idea that, wow, there's all these people. It started again a year and a half ago. I remember one of the early teams was the Kalani folks, where we didn't even have the tooling yet ready to allow people to deploy hyperlink to nichain. But they were so eager that they just worked through our code base, including our internal tooling, which is also open source, they were basically able to figure out how to deploy hyperlink to their testnet. So I think it's those kind of experiences which I think kind of like, as long as we're on trajectory, that more people will do so. And yeah, I think we're definitely seeing that, like, happen right now.
Growth in the Open Source Ecosystem
Right. Like, more and more people realize, look like there's this open source, like, interoperability framework that we can use for our purposes and whether that's like, yeah, like the starting our community with, like, the pragma folks who are building hyperlink for, like, Cairo or like, the movement labs folks who are building it for the move ecosystem. It's very vindicating to see how this open source approach is starting to get traction. I think it's pretty underrated how the fact that other teams can just contribute has contributed to so much of the hyperlink development as well. Right. Like today, I think hyperlane supports the most number of vms out of any interop protocol.
Collaborative Development and Implementation
And that's not just because of, like, your work. It's also because of movement labs contributing for, like, the specific vm implementation and then stocknet for Cairo and then I think mitosis for cosmoism. And so it's just like, really nice to see how other teams are also coming together to, you know, just use the tech because they can. Yes, no, it is. Again, it's super cool. Right? Like, I think, like, you mentioned the mitosis team, right? Like, it was originally the mitosis team who. Right, like, basically saw this framework and we're like, look, like, again, like, not many people have done it yet, but, like, we think it's easier to get interoperability for kind of the cause and wasm chain that were planning on then to build our own thing.
Advancements Through Open Source
That's when. Right. They just started working on it. Just like, your voice is slightly breaking off in the middle, but I think we're good. Sorry. All right, good. Cool. Yeah, I was just saying that, like, you know, like, yeah, the mitosis team was right. Like, able to look at the framework and be like, hey, look, obviously, like, you know, documentation always better, but at least here it's open source. Like, we can ask these guys some questions, but, like, we can do it ourselves instead of, like, having to build our own interoperability framework. And what's even more fun to see is that since the deployment of that kind of cosmos implementation MeTos is worked on, there's a bunch of other people in the cosmos ecosystem who have been rallying around that implementation, have been able to improve it, have been able to deploy it.
The Rise of Collaborative Teams
One of their key parties there is the stride team, who saw this as an opportunity to improve their product, basically, like, exporting stake, Tia and other assets to more chains. And so it's actually now the stride team who's kind of honestly probably one of the best teams to basically, like, help other cosmos chains kind of get interoperability with hyperlane. And the beauty is that, like, none of us here at Abcasworks really know that much about cosmos. And so it's just like a beautiful, kind of like, example of how open source can be its best when you allow people to collaborate together on this kind of open source framework.
Announcements and the Future of Hyperlink
Definitely. That's so cool to hear. So kind of moving on to the elephant in the room. You guys made a big announcement last week launching the Hyperlink foundation and also the hype token. Can you give us a sense of what the token is all about and what role can be expected to play? Of course. Feel free to not answer any further questions if that's not allowed, but just share with us whatever you can. Yes. I want to be clear that me as Nam Chihuahuai, I work at Abacus Works, which is a company that the foundation contracts to do a lot of development work and other kind of like operational tasks.
Understanding the Hyperlink Network
And ultimately it's up to the foundation to kind of like basically announce or launch, I guess, any of the work that it has mentioned in its blog post and its launch tweet. But from, you know, what I can tell you about from the publicly available information. Right. Like, the idea is that, like, basically the extension of this kind of like, open source framework means that it's the people, the developers, it's all these various stakeholders that make, like, to create this beautiful story of this kind of open source network. Those are the people who the hyperlink network will want to make sure that they own basically the hyperlink network and make them have kind of like, stake in kind of the future of that network.
Looking Ahead
And so, yeah, definitely, like, stay tuned for more announcements from the foundation. But we just felt that, you know, it was important for people to recognize that, like, this is kind of like a logical next step in. Yeah, this kind of, like, open source, kind of, like, storyline makes sense.
Origin of 'Hype'
And whose idea was it to call it hype? Because that's a really good ticket. You know, I don't know. I certainly can't take credit for it. I don't know that actually. I know who is the originator of this, but I think once, I think whenever the, you know, the brainstorming happened for it, like, it was one of the options on the table and like you said, like, it seemed pretty clear, I guess, and nobody can argue that, like, it's not a great ticker. So, yeah, can, don't know who, I guess, came out of it.
Thoughts on Airdrop Meta
Okay, so, like, I mean, on a personal level though, like, what are your thoughts on the whole airdrop meta? Like, the consensus take on Twitter right now is that it's over. But then I personally, I feel like everyone just, you know, is repeating what everyone else is saying, and then after the net, like, once they get a good airdrop, everyone's opinion will change again. But what are your thoughts on that? Yeah, I think, you know, I don't know if this is my upbringing or nothing, but I feel like I try to have a lot less opinions and judgment on what other people do. I think people do what they want to do, and I don't like, who am I to say whether that's good or bad? And so I think it feels kind of productive to label things as good and bad. I think at the end of the day, what I think I, and hopefully many other people are focusing on is like, hey, can you.
Building Useful Things
You, like, built useful things for this world, and if you do that, it is my personal belief that the world will give back to you. And so, in that sense, honestly, I'm not too tuned in the meta there. I personally missed out on Celestia job, so I'm probably the wrong person to ask in terms of what's the. What do I think is the right thing to do here? But I think, in general, probably we all could benefit from a little less judgment of, like, people who just, again, act in this permissionless world. Like. Makes sense.
Question from the Jumper Intern
So I also have a question from the jumper intern. Feel free to just say that I cannot answer it. He wanted to know if, like, I. There'll be a. I don't know if I just lost information, but can you repeat the question? Right. So will there be a percentage allocation for. Everyone has stake their Tia because they're supposed to get airdrops from ecosystem partners, but then they're all down bad right now. Never mind if it's just a joke. Gotcha. Yeah. I mean, so I think if I understand correct, the question was, like, are like, x. Like, is there some allocation for whom and what?
Distribution Mechanism
And, like, I guess I cannot answer that question because, like I said, I'm not the foundation. but, I'm sure whenever the time is right, the foundation will announce kind of like the actual distribution mechanism. Kind of moving on from, hyperlink stuff. I also get, you know, just your thoughts as a. As a developer and interop on some of the recent developments in the space. So if you've seen the recent optimism announcement, like, they. They announced super chain native interop, and you know how there'll be native messaging between all of the chains that connect to the super chain. So what are your personal, like, thoughts on that? Does it reduce the need for something like hyperlink or are there like, no consequences?
Interoperability Projects
Yeah, no, I think a great question. Native op, native interrupt is definitely something that we have, you know, followed with a lot of excitement because I think it's going to be the first of, I think, many attempts from different projects to basically improve interoperability. And I think the existence of interoperability projects like hyperlane and others certainly does not preclude others from trying to improve interoperability at large. And I think it's definitely very welcomed that we finally get a team like optimism actually be able to deliver on, I think, a lot of maybe more theoretical points that people have made in the past about like, oh, interoperability will be solved in X or Y. And I think if I've learned anything about interoperability in the last two and a half years, is that like, there's again, like, conceptual or like theoretical ways of solving interoperability, and then there is the, like, real world of, like, how to do that.
Role of Interoperability Protocols
And so, yeah, just for that, I think the fact that the Op team chose to actually tackle on interoperability, much respect for them to the point about will it reduce the need for interoperability protocols? I don't think so. I think, again, we've learned anything. It's like building is pretty hard. And we've been talking with the Op team as well, because I think in this day and age, I don't know that you want to be building a, a lot of things from scratch. And like, one of the things, for example, that we're talking with DOP team about is like, I think they focus a lot on what we would say, probably that we would choose to call the verification mechanism of verifying that a message from a super chain roll up to another super chain roll up is valid, but there's so many other things in the stack that have to be solved.
Tools and Visibility for Developers
Right. And so one thing that we are focusing a lot, for example, is like relaying, being able to pay a relayer, the developer tooling around local testing and remote testing, having visibility for a developer if their transaction is getting reverted or not processed. Why is that the case? I think a lot of the tooling that we've built in our open source framework very much applies to native interrupt as well. And we've been talking with the interrupt, the OP team about basically implementing the native interop team as an ism. And then as a developer, you get all of the things for free, like three layers, like token bridges on top of native interrupt.
Collaborative Development
I guess from the supporting toolkit. Of course, all the interrupt teams have developed a lot of the infrastructure here, so it doesn't make sense to reinvent the wheel when I a lot of the hard work has already been done. So I definitely agree with the fact that they should be talking to you guys, talking to all the other teams, and learning from all the experience that you have. But purely from a message frequency perspective, if all of these projects have their own native interop solution, I feel like third party messaging bridges. I don't know, will you still need to send the same number of messages or will it just be like reduced to sending a message from something like a super chain to another chain in polygon ad lib, for example.
Future of Messaging
It reminds me a bit of the conversation of if we move all the activity over to l two s, won't that reduce the need to have transactions on l one? And honestly, I don't know the answer either. I think it's only one way to find out situations. But there's certainly, well, I guess first of all, I think even with native Interop, there still have to be messages between, let's say, super chains, and those still have to be relayed. There still has to be developers building those kind of applications that will send those messages. I think inoperability protocols that have taken a more moderate, fast respect to verification are going to be able to still play a pretty big role, in even like kind of like intra system interoperability.
Intra vs Inter System Communication
And then like you said, like even, right, like across like different ecosystems, like how much of that traffic will be intra versus inter, like it definitely will be exciting to kind of like figure out, right? Like I think a similar kind of like story can be asked about like, oh, like, right, like if everything moves to intense, like won't that reduce the need for like messaging as well? I think, like, again, this is one of those things where like I would say like, hey, I'm just trying to focus on building a useful, like kind of like primitive for developers to use. And I think as long as it's useful to developers, I feel pretty good.
Discussion on Hyperlane and Interoperability
I think, Can'T tell if that's me or. Intense versus messaging. So I think from a message built in house, but I don't think hyperlane has a similar solution. So is anyone else building something like this on top of you guys? So I think I might have lost some Internet. But if I understand correctly, the question was probably like, hey, hyperlink is probably one of the interoperability projects that doesn't have like in the Kurdi layer like Stargate or across? Was that the question? I'm definitely, like, losing you in the middle, so not sure. All right, let's see. I can hear all of this. That's also weird. I feel like I hear you so well, but then sometimes just, I can't, but. Okay, let me repeat my question. I guess I think I want to say you asked me, like, hey, hyperlink is one of the few interoperability projects that don't have the liquid layer like Stargate. And you're probably asking about, like, hey, what is, like, what do you think about that?
Building Solutions on Top of Hyperlane
Yeah, like, first question would be like, why did you guys not successfully model? Are there any teams that, you know, that are building this type of solution on top? Okay, I'm really sorry. I think it must be my Internet. But I think what you're saying is, like, yeah, why did you guys not build it? That was the first question. And, yeah, I think the reason was because, like, you know, I believe a lot in, like, focusing on what you're good at. And, like, we generally believe that. I think what we're good at is building this kind of, like, you know, developer framework for, like, messaging first and foremost. Like, I think, you know, it was hard enough to build this and to get to the spot where we're at. And so I think, I cannot imagine, like, if we had to also feel like, oh, man, we need to build this whole additional, like, protocol. I think that just what I think wouldn't have served anybody well.
Collaboration and Projects
And, you know, it's, again, it's similar. Like, I really, like, believe in this kind of model where you just on what you're good at, you build, like, this open source framework, and you allow other people to kind of, like, build around and on top of it. And so in that sense, yeah, we definitely have other projects who kind of, I think, recognize that, like, hey, like, you're not going to be competing. Right. Like, with kind of like a first party stargate on top of hyperlink. And so there's definitely other kind of, like, projects who kind of, like, realizing that, yeah, some of the hyperthane stack could probably use this kind of service area. I think one of the teams that we've been working together with is Kalani. They've been working on this kind of collaborative solver network. And so, yeah, definitely expect that there will be kind of more people coming out of the workforce.
Innovation in Liquidity Networks
Like another one, actually. Right. Everclear, their clearing layer will start with, like, hyperlink messaging to basically allow for the netting of these kind of floats for the different solvers that they're working with. Makes sense. I almost forgot that, like, almost a year ago, or even more than that, Kalani first started, like, as a liquidity bridge on top of hyperlink. At least that's how I was introduced to it. So it's pretty crazy to see where they are today and what's their design now. Yes. No, for sure. I mean, I think it speaks volumes to the fact that I think we're still so early and exactly how these liquidity networks and bridges should look like. And obviously, we're seeing a lot of interest lately in this category, and there's definitely, like, more work that I hope that we can be helpful with as well. But, yeah, definitely fun to see.
Future of Hyperlink and Engagement
I think Kevin and team working on Khalani over the last year and a half. Awesome. So we'll just wrap it up in a few minutes. Do you have any closing thoughts? Any news related to hyperlink that people should look out for in the coming months? Yeah, I mean, like, look, I think I would like to let actions speak louder than words. And so I would say, like, you know, stay tuned for kind of, like, all the work that is happening in the hyperlink ecosystem. You know, if you are a builder who's launching a new chain, like, definitely there's been a higher pace of, like, hyperlink deployments, and so it should be as easy as ever to get hyperlink onto your chain. If you're interested, definitely check out our docs or feel free to reach out to me as well.
Encouragement for Developers
And honestly, what you said towards the end, I think this kind of idea of, like, liquidity networks is definitely very interesting to us. And I kind of recognize that, like, you know, like, still, there's nothing beyond the docs that, like, people can look at and point to and try out is the thing. And so if you are a developer who sees that similarly and is kind of interested, definitely would like to chat to you, because I think there's a lot of, like, very, like, I think, right, like, since we just mentioned Kalani and Everclear and, you know, other teams that I've been chatting with over the last couple of weeks as well, I think there's a lot of like nice, kind of like collaborative opportunities here and that we can, I think, replicate from the kind of first use case of just arbitrary message bridging. I think a lot of this kind of, like, collaborative opportunity on, like, working on shared open source frameworks and tooling can definitely be applied, I think, to, like, yeah, solver networks and the intent space more broadly.
Conclusion and Good Wishes
So if that's something of interest to you, please reach out. Awesome. Thanks a lot, Nam. It was great. Like, just catching up with you after a long time. And thank you for sharing your thoughts. Yeah, thank you. Hope to see you. See you around the world one of these days again. Yeah, for sure. Have a good day. Okay. We'll just close this, though. All right. Have a good day, Arjun.
